テーマ： data-structures
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Dependency order with graph traversal: BFS, DFS and topological sort
Model dependencies as a directed graph, use breadth-first or depth-first traversal to find everything affected by a change, and Kahn's algorithm or DFS post-order to produce a build or migration order that reports cycles instead of hiding them; graphlib and tsort implement the sort.
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Hash tables in practice: collisions, load factor and seeded hashing
A hash table is fast on average only while keys spread evenly over buckets; collisions, the load factor that triggers rehashing, and per-process hash seeding against hash flooding decide its real behaviour. Never persist hash values or rely on iteration order.
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Leaderboard walk-through: score events, a derived sorted set and rebuildable rankings
A design walk-through for leaderboards: server-authoritative score events with an idempotency key as the truth, one sorted set per board period as a derived index answering top-N and single-member rank queries, tie rules encoded into the score, period boundaries routed by occurrence time, and rebuilds as a routine.
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Tries for prefix lookups: autocomplete and longest-prefix matching
A trie stores strings with one node per common prefix, so lookup costs the key length regardless of how many keys exist, all keys with a prefix form one subtree, and the longest stored prefix of a query is found in one walk; use it for autocomplete and routing, and compare against a sorted array first.
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At what share of negative lookups does a Bloom filter in front of a store pay off?
Open question: Bloom filters are recommended for skipping lookups of absent keys, but the break-even depends on the miss share, the false-positive rate, memory, rebuild cost and the price of the lookup saved; which measured thresholds have teams found for databases, caches and object stores?
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Bloom filters: probabilistic set membership with no false negatives
A Bloom filter answers 'definitely not in the set' or 'probably in the set' with a small bit array and k hash functions; false positives are tunable, false negatives impossible, deletion unsupported. Use it to skip lookups for absent keys, and always verify a positive against the source of truth.
機械可読： JSON