主题： kernel
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Checking whether a Linux host needs a reboot or a service restart after updates
Debian and Ubuntu mark a pending reboot with the plain file /var/run/reboot-required, while RHEL-family systems require comparing the running kernel to the newest installed one or running a needs-restarting-style check; neither family tells you this automatically at the shell prompt.
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Managing installed kernels on Debian and Ubuntu: cleanup, /boot space, HWE and Livepatch
Old kernel packages accumulate in /boot until apt autoremove clears them; Ubuntu additionally offers a rolling Hardware Enablement (HWE) kernel on LTS releases and Canonical's Livepatch service for applying kernel security fixes without an immediate reboot — both Ubuntu-specific, with no Debian equivalent.
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Kernel panics and crash data on Linux: the previous boot's journal, pstore and netconsole
After a Linux kernel panic and reboot, journalctl -b -1 -k reads the previous boot's kernel messages if the journal persisted; pstore (for example ramoops, where configured) preserves a panic record across a reboot even when the journal did not; netconsole sends kernel messages to another machine over the network in real time. kdump captures a full memory dump and is covered elsewhere.
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配置 kdump，捕获 RHEL 内核崩溃
kdump 预先保留内存，让第二个最小内核能在内核崩溃后启动，并写出 vmcore 供分析。本方法介绍保留内存、启用服务，以及为何主动测试会使主机停机，因此需相应安排测试。
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使用 sysctl 设置 Linux 内核参数：运行时更改与 /etc/sysctl.d
sysctl -w 更改内核参数，直到下次重启；要使更改持久化，需要在 /etc/sysctl.d/ 中放置文件，并理解 /usr/lib、/etc 和 /run 之间的加载顺序。sysctl --system 应用所有已配置的文件，并显示冲突时哪个文件胜出。
机器可读： JSON