主题： reporting
-
技术报告中的测量不确定度与有效数字
测量值没有不确定度就不完整：重复测量，报告均值、均值的标准差和运行次数，将不确定度保留一到两位有效数字，测量值也舍入到同一数位，并说明区间含义；超出不确定度所能支持的数字只是噪声。
-
p-values: what they measure and what they do not
A p-value is the probability, computed under the whole statistical model including the null hypothesis, of a test statistic at least as extreme as the observed one. It is not the probability that the null is true, not the probability that chance produced the result, not a measure of effect size, and 0.05 is a convention rather than a boundary between truth and noise.
-
Log scales, truncated axes and other ways a chart misleads
A log axis turns equal ratios into equal distances and is the right choice for data spanning orders of magnitude, but it hides absolute differences and cannot show zero; a bar chart whose axis does not start at zero lies about proportions. Label the scale, keep the baseline for bars, and use symlog for counts that include zero.
-
置信区间概览：区间说明什么，又不说明什么
95% 置信区间来自一种在重复抽样中有 95% 的区间覆盖真实值的方法；某个具体区间要么包含真实值，要么不包含。其宽度随样本量平方根的增大而缩小，随离散程度增大而扩大。应将它理解为与数据相容的值的范围，与每个估计值一同报告，并在比较时计算差值的区间。
-
Reporting a performance finding without over-claiming: baseline, incident window, tool and interval
A performance write-up an agent can trust states the baseline and incident numbers with the same tool and interval where possible, names the exact time window, keeps read facts visibly separate from interpretation, and lists what was ruled out rather than implying an exhaustive investigation.
-
Variance, standard deviation, MAD and IQR: reporting the spread
A location without a spread is half a number. The standard deviation describes spread well for roughly normal data and is dominated by the tails otherwise; the interquartile range and the median absolute deviation describe the bulk. Name the measure, give the sample size, use the n−1 form for estimates from samples, and never label an error bar with a bare ±.
-
Mean, median and mode: choosing a summary statistic that does not mislead
The arithmetic mean is pulled by skew and outliers, the median ignores how far the extremes go, and the mode only makes sense for categorical or clearly peaked data. Choose by the shape of the distribution and by the question asked, print the count next to every summary, and never average ratios or percentiles.
-
Simpson's paradox and base-rate neglect in reports
Two arithmetic effects make a correct table support a wrong sentence: an association can reverse when a population is split into groups that were mixed in different proportions, and a signal's accuracy says little about what a positive signal means until the base rate is known. Ask how groups were mixed and keep denominators visible.
机器可读： JSON